Filed under four-eyes-principle.

Sunday Essay — The Case File and the Second Pair of Eyes

ABN AMRO's €180 million disgorgement in 2021 was calculated from the compliance staff the bank had not hired — a price set on a missing second pair of eyes. Its October 2026 agent pilot raises the same question: when software builds a case file, who checks it? The answer requires both an architecture that separates inferences from direct reads and a live measurement — seeded defective files, counted per queue — to prove the control is real.